Cold welding (pressure welding) — solid-state bonding without heat; vacuum cold welding mechanism (native oxide removal, asperity contact, adhesion); pressure welding of Al/Cu wire splices; explosive welding (flyer plate, collision angle, jetting condition, bond wave); roll bonding (reduction ratio, bond strength); ultrasonic metal welding; diffusion bonding; applications in space, electronics, and bimetallic joints; AWS and ASTM standards.
