Vehicle aerodynamics — aerodynamic drag (Cd and frontal area A, drag force F_D = 0.5ρCdAv²), lift and downforce (Cl, Cl_f/Cl_r), road load equation, cooling drag, underbody aerodynamics (diffuser, flat floor), active aerodynamics (active rear wing, air suspension), wind tunnel testing, CFD validation, high-speed stability (pitch moment, yaw stability), Formula 1 and road car aerodynamics, and regulatory constraints (homologation, CAFE fuel economy).
