Use when you must size meteoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) impact protection: compute the Cour-Palais cratering penetration depth and critical projectile diameter of a single aluminum wall, size a Whipple shield bumper and rear wall so a design projectile at its design impact produces no rear-wall penetration, evaluate the Christiansen ballistic limit across low, intermediate, and hypervelocity regimes with the 3 and 7 km/s normal-velocity transitions and the 65 degree obliquity cap, and grade an impact as penetration or no penetration against the critical diameter. Produces the required rear-wall thickness for the no-penetration condition, the ballistic-limit curve over …
