Electrochemical machining (ECM) — Faraday's law of electrolysis (material removal rate), electrode gap control, electrolyte selection (NaCl, NaNO3), frontal and side gap, dimensional accuracy and overcut, electrochemical drilling (STEM, shaped tube), wire ECM, pulsed ECM, ECM of superalloys and hardened steels, surface integrity (no recast layer, no heat-affected zone), and ISO/ASTM standards for ECM processes.
