Robot sensors — encoders (incremental/absolute, resolution, accuracy), force-torque sensors (ATI, Schunk, 6-DOF wrench measurement), tactile sensors (capacitive, piezoresistive arrays), proximity sensors (laser rangefinder, ultrasonic, capacitive), vision systems (2D camera, 3D structured light, stereo, time-of-flight), IMU (MEMS accelerometer, gyroscope, Kalman filter), proprioception vs. exteroception, sensor fusion, ROS sensor interfaces, and safety sensors (ISO 13849).
